Volume XIII- Selected Facebook Updates And Tweets Of Chandran K C On Scientific Homeopathy
Apart from protein molecules, different types of biopolymers such as polysaccharides and nucleic acids also may be experimented as medium for molecular imprinting.Native proteins extracted from the patients could be subjected to molecular imprinting with appropriate ligands or other pathogenic molecules acting as ‘guest’ molecules and used as target oriented therapeutic agents. But the problem remains that such imprinted proteins can be used only in the individual whose proteins are used for imprinting. Otherwise it may result in grave anaphylactic reactions. Moreover these imprinted proteins may remain in the organism for very long periods, without undergoing degradation, and cause ever new pathological molecular blocks. Such issues have to be addressed properly.
By “nonsense people”, he actually aimed at me- I know. According to him, anybody disagreeing with the ideas of ‘vital force’ and ‘dynamic drug energy’ belong to the class of ‘nonsense people’! He wonders why should we study organon if we do not accept the concepts of ‘vital force’ and ‘dynamic drug energy’. But he never considers practitioners of ‘hair transmission’ as ‘nonsense people’!
I can understand his confusion and agony, as he belongs to a generation of homeopaths who cannot think about homeopathy beyond ‘vital force’. Problem is, they were never taught to think about homeopathy in terms of advanced scientific knowledge. It is a pitiable condition.
This above said post appeared on a ‘homeopathic’ discussion group. Hoping a reasonable discussion over this topic, I shared on that group my latest posts regarding ‘A Research Study Disproving The Role Of Vital Force In Homeopathic Drug Action’ and ‘Analysis of Aphorisms 9 to 16 that explain VITAL FORCE THEORY’. The administrator of that group instantly deleted my posts. Can anybody imagine WHY he did so?
Only an empty-headed idiot can be 100% “unprejudiced”.
See Organon : Aphorism 6 : Sixth Edition, in which he uses the term “unprejudiced observer”:
“The unprejudiced observer – well aware of the futility of transcendental speculations which can receive no confirmation from experience – be his powers of penetration ever so great, takes note of nothing in every individual disease, except the changes in the health of the body and of the mind (morbid phenomena, accidents, symptoms) which can be perceived externally by means of the senses; that is to say, he notices only the deviations from the former healthy state of the now diseased individual, which are felt by the patient himself, remarked by those around him and observed by the physician. All these perceptible signs represent the disease in its whole extent, that is, together they form the true and only conceivable portrait of the disease”.
What does it mean? Does it mean a homeopath should be unprejudiced about allopathy? Does it mean he should be unprejudiced about similia principle? Does it mean he should be unprjudiced about proven principles of science? Does it mean he should unprejudiced about each and every nonsense ideas? Does it mean homeopaths should be OPEN-MINDED to every unscientific ideas people propagate?
If you read that aphorism carefully, you will realize that hahnemann was actually advising the homeopaths “not to make speculations about diseases” based on previous experiences of similar cases, but to “notice only the deviations from the former healthy state of the now diseased individual, which are felt by the patient himself, remarked by those around him and observed by the physician”, that “these perceptible signs represent the disease in its whole extent, that is, together they form the true and only conceivable portrait of the disease”. By this advice, hahnemann oonly wanted to say, homeopaths should not make prescriptions on the basis of conclusions drawn from “previous experience of similar cases”, but only by selecting a similimum using the “totality of symptoms” presented by each individual patient.
Hahnemann actually asks homeopaths to be UNPREJUDICED in their approach to diseases. He ONLY means, symptoms or “perceptible signs that represent the disease in its whole extent” should be used as the sole guide in selecting the similimum.
HOW CAN YOU USE THE TERM ‘UNPREJUDICED’ ALIENATED FROM THE ACTUAL CONTEXT IN WHICH HAHNEMANN USED IT? YOU ARE MISINTERPRETING AND MISREPRESENTING OUR MASTER’S ADVICE FOR YOUR ULTERIOR MOTIVES.
I felt this comment very disappointing, since it comes from a young post graduate hailing from a premier homeopathic institution in India.
According to you, we need not “prove anything we know”! What you KNOW about homeopathy, sir?
With your ‘MD in homeopathy’, do you know what actually happens during potentization, by which the medicinal properties of drug substances are transferred to the potentizing medium? If you know, share your knowledge here, please.
With your ‘MD in homeopathy’, do you know what are the exact “active ptinciples” of potentized drugs? If you know, share your valuable knowledge here, please.
With your ‘MD in homeopathy’, do you know what is the “molecular level biological mechanism” by which potentized drugs act on human body and produce cure? If you know, share your valuable knowledge here, please.
Only thing you actually KNOW is, “our med are working in high potency”, “our patients are satisfied”, and “we are satisfied with the money we get”! DO YOU THINK THAT MUCH KNOWLEDGE IS ENOUGH FOR A ‘POST GRADUATE’ IN HOMEOPATHY?
Do you think, “my patient is satisfied” will be an appropriate answer when the law makers ask you to explain “what are the contents of your drugs” for permission to sell homeopathic drugs? Do you know that question is asked in many countries now, and homeopaths in India also will have answer that question very shortly if they want to exist here?
Dear sir, you can apply this “satisfaction” philosophy not only to homeopathy but every thing in your life. There is no “need” of knowing the nutritional values and principles of nutrition if you are “satisfied” with getting your belly filled with any thing! Very good. Be happy! “Who cares”!!
If you are of the opinion “who cares whether homeopathy is scientific or unscientific”, why should you participate in this discussion? We are here because there are some people in this world who “CARE whether homeopathy is scientific or unscientific”.
Without providing answers for these fundamental questions, no scientific community will agree that homeopathy is scientifically plausible.
Once we explain and prove potentization in terms of molecular imprinting, and once we propose a scientifically viable model for its biological mechanism of action as MIT is trying to do, scientific community will have no other options than to accept homeopathy into its folds.
Once it happens, homeopaths will inevitably have to abandon a lot of their unscientific theories about homeopathy- theories such as vital force, dynamic drug energy and the like.
In order that “drug transmission through hair” should work, Potentized drugs should carry a ‘dynamic drug energy’ that could be transmitted through a hair strand to great distances! Do you think it is plausible?
In order that “drug transmission through hair” should work, drug energy transmitted from thousands of kilometers away should be capable of acting upon a living body and produces biochemical changes in it! Do you think it is plausible?
If you think all these things are plausible, you should be either a fool beyond any hope of learning, or a mad man who lost all his rational faculties. Either way, arguing with such people are sheer waste of time and energy.
If ‘drug energy’ can be “transmitted” to me from long distances through a hair, nail, blood or other tissues removed from my body, and even photographs, how can I dare to throw away my hair in a garbage pit? What if somebody unknowingly deposits some toxic substances on it? How can I entrust my blood sample to a clinical lab, without fearing that they can do some mischief to me by putting some harmful medicines in my blood sample? I think I have to be very cautious to preserve my cut hair and nail without reaching the hands of my enemies!
If we want to make homeopathy a scientific medical system, homeopaths should at least start to evaluate things by studying ‘what is said’, than ‘who said it’.
Even the UK based ‘international’ homeopath (sorry, he is no more) claims he get excellent ‘results’ even in ‘incurable’ cases by using ‘medicines’ in the eyes of photographs of patients downloaded from computer around the world!. He was also a man of ‘great credentials’. Same with ‘masters’ of ‘hair transmission’ method. That man who sent ‘mp3 files of drugs’ to Haiti also is a revered name in international homeopathy. “Dipping a spoon in medicinal solution and washing it consecutively in five cups of pure water, and administering that last wash as medicinal dose’ was method contributed by a famous Indian homeopath, who has recently endorsed ‘hair transmission’ also. We are not expected to question them, because these people are considered to be men of great credentials and positions.
Until and unless we succeed in understanding the exact active principles of homeopathic drugs, and the real mechanism of their therapeutic action, this will go on. And people will ‘follow’ the ‘foolishness’ of ‘masters’ having ‘credentials’ and ‘positions’.
All those ‘masters’ I referred above conducts seminars, write books, and are ‘followed’ by thousands of homeopaths. I was warned by such ‘followers’ not to touch their ‘masters’ which they say are sleeping lions. And I am warned that I will have no ‘place to run’ if I disturb them. But I have decided to listen only to ‘what is said’, ignoring ‘who said it’, and I believe, only that way we can make homeopathy a scientific medical system.
If somebody claims “took the mp3 files of drugs and gave the vibration of the remedy, it worked”, why should we hesitate to call them ‘unscientific’? I don’t think there is anything to ‘investigate’ in it. If a ‘homeopath’ claims he is treating ‘patients all over the world sitting in UK’, sending ‘medicinal energy’ by applying drugs in the eyes of photographs downloaded from computer, what investigation you are talking about to be conducted to call him a ‘fraud’? Same with ‘hair transmission’, dowsing’, ‘radionics’ and such things, which are beyond any doubt unscientific, as far as i am concerned.
Should we swallow all these garbage to ‘prove’ that we are not prejudiced?
WHOLE SCIENTIFIC MINDED HOMEOPATHS AND PROFESSIONAL BODIES SHOULD COME FORWARD AGAINST THESE “OCCULT” PRACTICES DONE IN THE NAME OF HOMEOPATHY. THESE PEOPLE ARE MAKING HOMEOPATHY A SUBJECT OF MOCKERY BEFORE THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY.
Patient is advised to report for progress after fifteen days. Follow-up progress is noted when the patient revisited the clinic after fifteen days. Homoeopathic observation of the caseis followed up and change in medicine is made considering the action.
Following changes are made depending on the result: No change in symptoms- ten stroke were given to the transmitting set. Positive progress- No change is made in the transmitting set. Aggravation in symptoms- Either hair is detached from the transmitting set or waited without any change depending on the progress noted. Adverse changing symptoms- Transmission is put OFF and waited for change.
When need of change in medicine is felt either due to wrong selection or for use of complementary medicine. Hair was taken out from the first transmitting set and inserted in the new transmitting set containing new medicine. Has to be properly wiped out before inserting in new medicine.
Medicine used for transmission is selected from the general pool of the Homoopathic medicine in fifty millisimal potency.
The advantages of this method are as follows: Distance of patient is no bar for patient either in first or subsequent consultations. In case of aggravation simply detaching the hair will check agg. It is a continuous process, patient receives medicine till the vial contain his hair. It is the quickest method of effects obtained by homoeopathy which I have witnessed in my practice several times. Change of medicine is so simple that after washing hair put it in another medicated vial. Patient need not to come your office, he has only to inform us by telephone or message.”
This Institute with the present Chairman Dr.M.K.Sahani is now working on Research, Teaching and Clinical Help to patient by this method. It has come out with a postgraduate course in Drug Transmission for the medical graduates, which is of three months duration . Institute is also working on the project of Tele-medical Center with satellite center in different places, with facility to treat patient with Drug Transmission.
According to their website, Dr. M K Sahani MD (Hom.) PGDHHM is also the Chairman, Education Committee, Central Council of Homoeopathy, New Delhi, and President, The Homeopathic Medical Association of India, Bihar State Branch.
KINDLY NOTE: A person decorating the high profile official position of “Chairman, Education Committee, Central Council of Homoeopathy, New Delhi” is also working as the “Chairman of Institute Of Sahnai Drug Transmission & Homoeopathy in Patna”, and conducting “postgraduate course in Drug Transmission for the medical graduates”. Did anybody inquire whether “hair transmission” is RECOGNIZED by Central Council Of Homeopathy? Is it LAWFUL and ETHICAL for the Head of Education Committee of Central Council of Homoeopathy of Government of India to run such an UNRECOGNIZED ‘post graduate course’ in DRUG TRANSMISSION?
By electing the chairman of ‘Institute Of Sahani Drug Transmission & Homeopathy’ as the Chairman of Education Committee of CCH, the CCH authorities are giving a dangerous message to homeopathic community. What SCIENTIFIC educational system we can expect from this EDUCATION COMMITTEE for homeopathy?
And remember, CCH is the highest statutory body constituted under government of india as per a parliamentary act, to oversee the whole system of education and practice of homeopathy in india. It is a shame for indian homeopathy that such an important body is headed by the top-most proponent and trainer of the most unscientific occult practice known as DRUG TRANSMISSION THROUGH HAIR
Whatever be the consequences, I cannot feign deaf and dumb. Excuse me, friends.
While traditional chemistry focuses on the covalent bonding involved in formation of stable chemical ‘molecules’, supra-molecular chemistry studies the weaker and reversible ‘non-covalent’ interactions between molecules. These ‘non-covalent’ forces include hydrogen bonding, metal coordination, hydrophobic forces, van der Waals forces, pi-pi interactions and electrostatic effects.
Supra-molecular chemistry studies the phenomena such as molecular self-assembly, protein folding, molecular recognition, host-guest chemistry, mechanically-interlocked molecular architectures, and dynamic covalent chemistry.
The study of non-covalent interactions and supra-molecular formations is crucial to understanding many biological processes such as cell structure, biomolecular interactions, molecular recognition, protein kinetics, ligand-target interactions, antigen-antibody interactions, genetic expression, molecular inbitions, proteinopathies etc. Study of biological systems is often the inspiration for supra-molecular research.
Homeopathy and its therapeutic principle ‘similia sibilibus curentur’, as well as ‘drug potentization’ could be rationally explained only with the help of supra-molecular chemistry.
The existence of intermolecular forces was first postulated by Johannes Diderik van der Waals in 1873. However, Nobel laureate Hermann Emil Fischer developed supra-molecular chemistry’s philosophical roots. In 1894, Hermann Emil Fischer suggested that enzyme-substrate interactions take the form of a “lock and key”, the fundamental principles of molecular recognition and host-guest chemistry. In the early twentieth century non-covalent bonds were understood in gradually more detail, with the hydrogen bond being described by Latimer and Rodebush in 1920.
The use of these principles gradually led to an increasing understanding of protein structure and other biological processes. For instance, the important breakthrough that allowed the elucidation of the double helical structure of DNA occurred when it was realized that there are two separate strands of nucleotides connected through hydrogen bonds. The use of non-covalent bonds is essential to replication because they allow the strands to be separated and used to template new double stranded DNA.
Eventually, chemists were able to take these concepts and apply them to synthetic systems. The breakthrough came in the 1960s with the synthesis of the crown ethers by Charles J. Pedersen. Following this work, other researchers such as Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn and Fritz Vogtle became active in synthesizing shape- and ion-selective receptors, and throughout the 1980s research in the area gathered a rapid pace with concepts such as mechanically-interlocked molecular architectures emerging.
The importance of supra-molecular chemistry was established by the 1987 Nobel Prize for Chemistry which was awarded to Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn, and Charles J. Pedersen in recognition of their work in this area. The development of selective “host-guest” complexes in particular, in which a host molecule recognizes and selectively binds a certain guest, was cited as an important contribution.
In the 1990s, supra-molecular chemistry became even more sophisticated, with researchers such as James Fraser Stoddart developing molecular machinery and highly complex self-assembled structures, and Itamar Willner developing sensors and methods of electronic and biological interfacing. During this period, electrochemical and photochemical motifs became integrated into supramolecular systems in order to increase functionality, research into synthetic self-replicating system began, and work on molecular information processing devices began. The emerging science of nanotechnology also had a strong influence on the subject, with building blocks such as fullerenes, nanoparticles, and dendrimers becoming involved in synthetic systems.
Supramolecular chemistry deals with subtle interactions, and consequently control over the processes involved can require great precision. In particular, noncovalent bonds have low energies and often no activation energy for formation. As demonstrated by the Arrhenius equation, this means that, unlike in covalent bond-forming chemistry, the rate of bond formation is not increased at higher temperatures. In fact, chemical equilibrium equations show that the low bond energy results in a shift towards the breaking of supramolecular complexes at higher temperatures.
However, low temperatures can also be problematic to supramolecular processes. Supramolecular chemistry can require molecules to distort into thermodynamically disfavored conformations, and may include some covalent chemistry that goes along with the supramolecular. In addition, the dynamic nature of supramolecular chemistry is utilized in many systems such as molecular mechanics, and cooling the system would slow these processes.
Thus, thermodynamics is an important tool to design, control, and study supra-molecular chemistry. Perhaps the most striking example is that of warm-blooded biological systems, which entirely cease to operate outside a very narrow temperature range.
The molecular environment around a supra-molecular system is also of prime importance to its operation and stability. Many solvents have strong hydrogen bonding, electrostatic, and charge-transfer capabilities, and are therefore able to become involved in complex equilibria with the system, even breaking complexes completely. For this reason, the choice of solvent can be critical.
‘Molecular self assembly’ is the construction of systems without guidance or management from an outside source other than to provide a suitable environment. The molecules are directed to assemble through non-covalent interactions. Self-assembly may be subdivided into intermolecular self-assembly to form a supramolecular assembly, and intra-molecular self-assembly or folding as demonstrated by foldamers and polypeptides. Molecular self-assembly also allows the construction of larger structures such as micelles, membranes, vesicles, liquid crystals, and is important to crystal engineering.
Molecular self-assembly is a key concept in supramolecular chemistry. This is because assembly of molecules in such systems is directed through noncovalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding, metal coordination, hydrophobic forces, van der Waals forces, pi-pi interactions, as well as electromagnetic interactions. Common examples include the formation of micelles, vesicles, liquid crystal phases, and Langmuir monolayers by surfactant molecules. Further examples of supramolecular assemblies demonstrate that a variety of different shapes and sizes can be obtained using molecular self-assembly.
Molecular self-assembly allows the construction of challenging molecular topologies. One example is Borromean rings, interlocking rings wherein removal of one ring unlocks each of the other rings. DNA has been used to prepare a molecular analog of Borromean rings. More recently, a similar structure has been prepared using non-biological building blocks.
Molecular self-assembly underlies the construction of biologic macromolecular assemblies in living organisms, and so is crucial to the function of cells. It is exhibited in the self-assembly of lipids to form the membrane, the formation of double helical DNA through hydrogen bonding of the individual strands, and the assembly of proteins to form quaternary structures. Molecular self-assembly of incorrectly folded proteins into insoluble amyloid fibers is responsible for infectious prion-related neurodegenerative diseases. Molecular self-assembly of nanoscale structures plays a role in the growth of the remarkable β-keratin lamellae/setae/spatulae structures used to give geckos the ability to climb walls and adhere to ceilings and rock overhangs
DNA nanotechnology is an area of current research that uses the bottom-up, self-assembly approach for nanotechnological goals. DNA nanotechnology uses the unique molecular recognition properties of DNA and other nucleic acids to create self-assembling branched DNA complexes with useful properties. DNA is thus used as a structural material rather than as a carrier of biological information, to make structures such as two-dimensional periodic lattices (both tile-based as well as using the “DNA origami” method) and three-dimensional structures in the shapes of polyhedra. These DNA structures have also been used to template the assembly of other molecules such as gold nanoparticles and streptavidin proteins
Study of ‘molecular self assembly’ is very important in understanding molecular imprinting involved in homeopathic drug potentization.
‘Molecular recognition’ is the specific binding of a guest molecule to a complementary host molecule to form a ‘host-guest complex’. Often, the definition of which species is the “host” and which is the “guest” is arbitrary. The molecules are able to identify each other using non-covalent interactions. Key applications of this field are the construction of molecular sensors and catalysis.
Molecular recognition and self-assembly may be used with reactive species in order to pre-organize a system for a chemical reaction to form one or more covalent bonds. It may be considered a special case of supra-molecular catalysis. Non-covalent bonds between the reactants and a “template” hold the reactive sites of the reactants close together, facilitating the desired chemistry. This technique is particularly useful for situations where the desired reaction conformation is thermodynamically or kinetically unlikely, such as in the preparation of large macrocycles. This pre-organization also serves purposes such as minimizing side reactions, lowering the activation energy of the reaction, and producing desired stereochemistry. After the reaction has taken place, the template may remain in place, be forcibly removed, or may be “automatically” decomplexed on account of the different recognition properties of the reaction product. The template may be as simple as a single metal ion or may be extremely complex.
‘Mechanically-interlocked molecular architectures’ consist of molecules that are linked only as a consequence of their topology. Some non-covalent interactions may exist between the different components often those that were utilized in the construction of the system, but covalent bonds do not. Supramolecular chemistry, and template-directed synthesis in particular, is key to the efficient synthesis of the compounds. Examples of mechanically-interlocked molecular architectures include catenanes, rotaxanes, molecular knots, molecular Borromean rings and ravels.
In certain situations, ‘supra-molecular chemistry’ may include ‘covalent bondings’ also. In such ‘dynamic covalent chemistry’, covalent bonds are broken and formed in a reversible reaction under thermodynamic control. While covalent bonds are key to the process, the system is directed by non-covalent forces to form the lowest energy structures
‘Biomimetics’ is an important application of supra-molecular chemistry. Many synthetic supra-molecular systems are designed to copy functions of biological systems. These bio-mimetic architectures can be used to learn about both the biological model and the synthetic implementation. Examples include photoelectrochemical systems, catalytic systems, protein design and self-replication.
‘Molecular imprinting’ is another application of supra-molecular chemistry, which describes a process by which a host is constructed from small molecules using a suitable molecular species as a template. After construction, the template is removed leaving only the host. The template for host construction may be subtly different from the guest that the finished host binds to. In its simplest form, imprinting utilizes only steric interactions, but more complex systems also incorporate hydrogen bonding and other interactions to improve binding strength and specificity.
Homeopathic potentization could be rationally explained by molecular imprinting.
‘Molecular machines’ are molecules or molecular assemblies derived from supramolecular chemistry, that can perform functions such as linear or rotational movement, switching, and entrapment. These devices exist at the boundary between supramolecular chemistry and nanotechnology, and prototypes have been demonstrated using supramolecular concepts
Different synthetic recognition motifs commonly utilized in supramolecular chemistry: The ‘pi-pi charge-transfer interactions’ of bipyridinium with dioxyarenes or diaminoarenes have been used extensively for the construction of mechanically interlocked systems and in crystal engineering. The use of ‘crown ether binding’ with metal or ammonium cations is ubiquitous in supramolecular chemistry. The formation of ‘carboxylic acid dimers’ and other simple hydrogen bonding interactions. The complexation of bipyridines or tripyridines with ruthenium, silver or other metal ions is of great utility in the construction of complex architectures of many individual molecules. The complexation of porphyrins or phthalocyanines around metal ions gives access to catalytic, photochemical and electrochemical properties as well as complexation. These units are used a great deal by nature. ‘Macrocycles’ are also very useful in supramolecular chemistry, as they provide whole cavities that can completely surround guest molecules and may be chemically modified to fine-tune their properties. Cyclodextrins, calixarenes, cucurbiturils and crown ethers are readily synthesized in large quantities, and are therefore convenient for use in supramolecular systems. More complex cyclophanes, and cryptands can be synthesised to provide more tailored recognition properties. Supramolecular metallocycles are macrocyclic aggregates with metal ions in the ring, often formed from angular and linear modules. Common metallocycle shapes in these types of applications include triangles, squares, and pentagons, each bearing functional groups that connect the pieces via “self-assembly”. Metallacrowns are metallomacrocycles generated via a similar self-assembly approach from fused chelate-rings.
Many supramolecular systems require their components to have suitable spacing and conformations relative to each other, and therefore easily-employed structural units are required. Commonly used spacers and connecting groups include polyether chains, biphenyls and triphenyls, and simple alkyl chains. The chemistry for creating and connecting these units is very well understood. Nanoparticles, nanorods, fullerenes and dendrimers offer nanometer-sized structure and encapsulation units.
Surfaces can be used as scaffolds for the construction of complex systems and also for interfacing electrochemical systems with electrodes. Regular surfaces can be used for the construction of self-assembled monolayers and multilayers.
Photo-electro-chemically active units are used in supra-molecular chemistry. Porphyrins, and phthalocyanines have highly tunable photochemical and electrochemical activity as well as the potential for forming complexes. Photochromic and photoisomerizable groups have the ability to change their shapes and properties (including binding properties) upon exposure to light. TTF and quinones have more than one stable oxidation state, and therefore can be switched with redox chemistry or electrochemistry. Other units such as benzidine derivatives, viologens groups and fullerenes, have also been utilized in supramolecular electrochemical devices.
Certain ‘biologically-derived units’ are also utilized in supra-molecular chemistry. The extremely strong complexation between avidin and biotin is instrumental in blood clotting, and has been used as the recognition motif to construct synthetic systems. The binding of enzymes with their cofactors has been used as a route to produce modified enzymes, electrically contacted enzymes, and even photoswitchable enzymes. DNA has been used both as a structural and as a functional unit in synthetic supramolecular systems.
Applications of supramolecular chemistry is fastly expanding. Supramolecular chemistry and molecular self-assembly processes in particular have been applied to the development of new materials. Large structures can be readily accessed using bottom-up synthesis as they are composed of small molecules requiring fewer steps to synthesize. Thus most of the bottom-up approaches to nanotechnology are based on supramolecular chemistry.
A major application of supramolecular chemistry is the design and understanding of catalysts and catalysis. Noncovalent interactions are extremely important in catalysis, binding reactants into conformations suitable for reaction and lowering the transition state energy of reaction. Template-directed synthesis is a special case of supramolecular catalysis. Encapsulation systems such as micelles and dendrimers are also used in catalysis to create microenvironments suitable for reactions (or steps in reactions) to progress that is not possible to use on a macroscopic scale.
Supramolecular chemistry has been used to demonstrate computation functions on a molecular scale. In many cases, photonic or chemical signals have been used in these components, but electrical interfacing of these units has also been shown by supramolecular signal transduction devices. Data storage has been accomplished by the use of molecular switches with photochromic and photoisomerizable units, by electrochromic and redox-switchable units, and even by molecular motion. Synthetic molecular logic gates have been demonstrated on a conceptual level. Even full-scale computations have been achieved by semi-synthetic DNA computers.
Research in supramolecular chemistry also has application in green chemistry where reactions have been developed which proceed in the solid state directed by non-covalent bonding. Such procedures are highly desirable since they reduce the need for solvents during the production of chemicals.
Supramolecular chemistry is often pursued to develop new functions that cannot appear from a single molecule. These functions also include magnetic properties, light responsiveness, self-healing polymers, synthetic ion channels, molecular sensors, etc. Supramolecular research has been applied to develop high-tech sensors, processes to treat radioactive waste, and contrast agents for CAT scans.
Supramolecular chemistry is also important to the development of new pharmaceutical therapies by understanding the interactions at a drug binding site. The area of drug delivery has also made critical advances as a result of supramolecular chemistry providing encapsulation and targeted release mechanisms. In addition, supramolecular systems have been designed to disrupt protein-protein interactions that are important to cellular function. Supramolecular chemistry and molecular imprinting could be utilized in modern drug designing technology of next generation. Molecular imprinted water and biomolecules such as proteins are promising areas. It should be in this connection that we should study the MOLECULAR IMPRINTING perspective of homeopathic potentization, proposed by MIT concepts.
At that stage, take a little time to study supra-molecular properties of ethyl alcohol, and water-alcohol complexes. Understanding the molecular structure of oligosaccharides such as lactose and sucrose also will be useful.
Then update your biochemistry from latest textbooks or internet, especially regarding proteins and protein inhibitions, and understand the ‘key-lock’ mechanism involved in ligand-target, substrate-enzyme, antigen-antibody and signal-receptor relationships. Now will be clear on the molecular mechanisms of pathologic molecular inhibitions and therapeutics. Try to understand homeopathic ‘drug proving’ from this angle.
Once you are clear on these subjects, it will be easy for you perceive ‘potentization’ in terms of ‘molecular imprinting’, and potentized drugs in terms of ‘molecular imprints’ of constituent drug molecules. You will understand the real science involved in ‘similia similibus curentur’.
ONCE YOU GET THE BASICS, THINK OVER MY EXPLANATIONS OF HOMEOPATHY:
‘Similimum’ is the drug which in crude form produced ‘molecular errors’ similar to those of the particular ‘disease’ we consider. Similar molecular errors produce similar symptoms, and as such, homeopathy finds ‘similimum’ using ‘similarity of symptoms’. Potentized forms of ‘similimum’ contain ‘molecular imprints’ of drug molecules, which can bind to pathogenic molecules and act as therapeutic agent.
Perceive ‘drugs’ in terms of diverse types of independent ‘constituent drug molecules’, and potentized medicines as a mixture of independent ‘molecular imprints’ of these drug molecules. Perceive diseases as ‘molecular errors’ in vital processes, and ‘symptoms’ in terms of ‘symptom complexes’ representing ‘molecular errors’. You get a scientific understanding of “Similia Similibus Curentur”.
“Similia Similibus Curentur” means: “Diseases with specific symptoms can be cured by potentized forms of drugs that can create similar symptoms in healthy organism if applied in crude form”.
Same can be stated in a more scientific way: “Pathological molecular errors can be rectified using ‘molecular imprints’ of drug molecules that can create similar molecular errors if applied in molecular form”.
“Diseases can be cured by potentized forms of drug substances that in crude form can create similar diseases in healthy individuals”.
Since ‘diseases’ are molecular errors’ in vital processes, and potentized drugs are ‘molecular imprints’ of drug molecules, we can change this statement as follows: “ Pathological molecular errors can be rectified by ‘molecular imprints’ of drug molecules that in crude form can create similar molecular errors in the healthy organism’.
Since similar ‘molecular errors’ created by pathogenic molecules and drug molecules exhibit similar ‘symptoms’, appropriate ‘molecular imprints’ for curing a disease can be determined by a process of observing and matching the ‘disease symptoms’ and ‘drug symptoms(material medica)’.
Target molecules for which we want to prepare ‘artificial binding sites’ or ‘molecular imprints’, which are normally large complex protein molecules, are identified and selected as ‘template molecules. These template molecules are added to a mixture of ‘monomers’ and ‘activators’ and thoroughly mixed. This mixture is allowed to undergo a process of ‘self assembling’ and ‘polymerization’, which is actually a ‘guest-host’ molecular complex, in which the template molecules are trapped in a hardened polymer matrix which act as ‘host’. This ‘host-guest’ complex is pulverized, and subjected to a process of ‘solvent extraction’, by which soluble template molecules are remove from insoluble polymer matrix. The resultant preparation consists of polymer matrix carrying empty spaces or ‘cavities’ where the template molecules were originally trapped. These cavities are called ‘molecular imprints’, which actually mimic the spacial configuration of template molecules. Due to this complementary configuration, these ‘molecular imprints’ exhibit a special affinity towards original template molecules, and act as ‘artificial binding sites’ for them. Due to this special affinity, they could be used as substitutes for biological receptors in certain formats of immunoassays and bio-sensors.
Since ‘molecular imprinted polymers’ prepared by this process are synthetic polymers, they cannot be used as drugs. Homeopathy uses water-ethyl alcohol mixture as ‘host’ in place of polymers, and drug molecules as ‘templates’ or ‘guests’ for preparing molecular imprints that could be used as drugs. Since molecular imprints prepared by this process consist of only water and ethyl alcohol molecules, they could be safely used as therapeutic agents.
Target molecules for which we want to prepare ‘artificial binding sites’ or ‘molecular imprints’, which are normally large complex protein molecules, are identified and selected as ‘template molecules. These template molecules are added to a mixture of ‘monomers’ and ‘activators’ and thoroughly mixed. This mixture is allowed to undergo a process of ‘self assembling’ and ‘polymerization’, which is actually a ‘guest-host’ molecular complex, in which the template molecules are trapped in a hardened polymer matrix which act as ‘host’. This ‘host-guest’ complex is pulverized, and subjected to a process of ‘solvent extraction’, by which soluble template molecules are remove from insoluble polymer matrix. The resultant preparation consists of polymer matrix carrying empty spaces or ‘cavities’ where the template molecules were originally trapped. These cavities are called ‘molecular imprints’, which actually mimic the spacial configuration of template molecules. Due to this complementary configuration, these ‘molecular imprints’ exhibit a special affinity towards original template molecules, and act as ‘artificial binding sites’ for them. Due to this special affinity, they could be used as substitutes for biological receptors in certain formats of immunoassays and bio-sensors.
Since ‘molecular imprinted polymers’ prepared by this process are synthetic polymers, they cannot be used as drugs. Homeopathy uses water-ethyl alcohol mixture as ‘host’ in place of polymers, and drug molecules as ‘templates’ or ‘guests’ for preparing molecular imprints that could be used as drugs. Since molecular imprints prepared by this process consist of only water and ethyl alcohol molecules, they could be safely used as therapeutic agents.
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Molecular Imprinting is not my original idea or invention. My contribution in this concept is actually very limited, by way of trying to explain homeopathic potentization as a bio-friendly version of already existing technique of Molecular Imprinting In Polymers
The technique of molecular imprinting in polymers allows for the preparation of synthetic polymers with specific binding sites for a target molecule. This can be achieved if the target is present during the polymerization process, thus acting as a molecular template. Monomers carrying certain functional groups are arranged around the template through either non-covalent or covalent interactions. Following polymerization with a high degree of cross-linking, the functional groups become fixed in defined positions by the polymer network. Subsequent removal of the template by solvent extraction or chemical cleavage leaves cavities that are complementary to the template in terms of size, shape and arrangement of the functional groups. These highly specific receptor sites are capable of rebinding the target molecule with high specificity, sometimes comparable to that of antibodies. Molecularly imprinted polymers have therefore been named “antibody mimics”. It has been shown that they can be substituted for biological receptors in certain formats of immunoassays and biosensors. They are characterized by high stability.
Target molecules for which we want to prepare ‘artificial binding sites’ or ‘molecular imprints’, which are normally large complex protein molecules, are identified and selected as ‘template molecules. These template molecules are added to a mixture of ‘monomers’ and ‘activators’ and thoroughly mixed. This mixture is allowed to undergo a process of ‘self assembling’ and ‘polymerization’, which is actually a ‘guest-host’ molecular complex, in which the template molecules are trapped in a hardened polymer matrix which act as ‘host’. This ‘host-guest’ complex is pulverized, and subjected to a process of ‘solvent extraction’, by which soluble template molecules are remove from insoluble polymer matrix. The resultant preparation consists of polymer matrix carrying empty spaces or ‘cavities’ where the template molecules were originally trapped. These cavities are called ‘molecular imprints’, which actually mimic the spacial configuration of template molecules. Due to this complementary configuration, these ‘molecular imprints’ exhibit a special affinity towards original template molecules, and act as ‘artificial binding sites’ for them. Due to this special affinity, they could be used as substitutes for biological receptors in certain formats of immunoassays and bio-sensors.
Since ‘molecular imprinted polymers’ prepared by this process are synthetic polymers, they cannot be used as drugs. Homeopathy uses water-ethyl alcohol mixture as ‘host’ in place of polymers, and drug molecules as ‘templates’ or ‘guests’ for preparing molecular imprints that could be used as drugs. Since molecular imprints prepared by this process consist of only water and ethyl alcohol molecules, they could be safely used as therapeutic agents.
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‘SIMILIMUM’ actually means a drug substance that contains chemical molecules having ‘conformations similar to that of the of pathogenic molecules that caused the disease’.
Molecules with SIMILAR conformations can bind to SIMILAR biological targets and produce SIMILAR molecular errors that will be expressed through SIMILAR subjective and objective SYMPTOMS.
MOLECULAR IMPRINTS of SIMILAR drug molecules can act as ARTIFICIAL BINDING SITES for SIMILAR pathogenic molecules, and remove the molecular inhibitions that were produced by their action upon biological molecules during disease processes. That amounts to HOMEOPATHIC CURE.
SIMILARITY OF SYMPTOMS is only ONE of the many ways of identifying the drug substance that contains constituent molecules having conformations similar to pathogenic molecules, so that they can act as curative agents when applied in MOLECULAR IMPRINTS form.
What ever way you identify the SIMILIMUM, it will act by a ‘homeopathic’ biological mechanism, if it contains the appropriate molecular imprints required for the patient you are dealing with.
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1. What IS homeopathy?
Homeopathy is a therapeutic system that treats diseases using MOLECULAR IMPRINTS.
2. What is NOT homeopathy?
Any therapeutic system that treats diseases using any medicinal agent other than MOLECULAR IMPRINTS is NOT homeopathy.
ONLY ‘MOLECULAR IMPRINTS’ CAN ACT BY A BIOLOGICAL MECHANISM THAT IS REALLY ‘HOMEOPATHIC’.
Whether you are practicing homeopathy or not IS decided by the ACTIVE PRINCIPLES of drugs you use, and the BIOLOGICAL MECHANISM by which they act in the body. It is NOT decided by HOW YOU SELECT your remedy or what PRINCIPLES you talk about. What ever way you selected the remedy, if you use it in MOLECULAR IMPRINTS form, and if your remedy acted curatively, IT IS HOMEOPATHY
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When defining “what IS homeopathy” and “what IS NOT homeopathy”, we will expect you to answer some fundamental questions:
1. According to you, what happens during potentization, by which the medicinal properties of drug substances are transferred to the medium, without a single drug molecule existing it?
2. What are the ACTIVE PRINCIPLES of potentized drugs?
3. What is the exact molecular level BIOLOGICAL MECHANISM by which potentized drugs act upon the body, and produce a therapeutic effect?
If you cannot provide RATIONAL and SCIENTIFICALLY VIABLE answers for these fundamental questions, you are not the appropriate person to define “what is homeopathy” and “what is not homeopathy” in this era of scientific enlightenment.
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I think the use of DISEASE-SPECIFIC combinations prepared by combining various specific drugs in 30C potency can be very helpful in successful day-to-day practice of ordinary homeopaths. They are certainly not harmful AT ALL. It will be better if the SIMILIMUM of the patient also is prescribed along with that combination, if it is not already included in the STOCK combination. That will make the combination more PATIENT-SPECIFIC.
Any homeopath can make such STOCK PREPARATIONS of ‘disease-specific’ combinations of 30c at his own clinic. It will cost lesser than patented commercial combinations, and formula will be very much flexible.
During dispensing, the similimum of particular patient also could be added to it to make it more perfect. I have been using that method for years very successfully.
For example, we can make a combination for CORNS by adding acid nit 30, ant crud 30, ferrum pic 30 and thuja 30. During dispensing, if the siilimum of the individual patient is lyco, we can add that also into it. This method is very easy, and will give excellent and persistent results.
We can make such specific combinations for ANY disease such as fever, diarrhoea, asthma, cough, warts, hypertension, diabetes etc etc.
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I prefer SINGLE MEDICINE if I succeed in finding one. If I could not find a single medicine that contains ALL the diverse types of molecular imprints required by the particular patient, I will opt for a PATIENT-SPECIFIC combination of drugs in 30C potency, prepared by incorporating all the different drugs that are indicated by different SYMPTOM GROUPS expressed by the patient.
I am not against the use of DISEASE-SPECIFIC combinations, if they are prepared by combining various specific drugs in 30C potency ONLY. They may be helpful to a certain extend, and certainly not harmful AT ALL. It will be better if the SIMILIMUM of the patient also is prescribed along with that combination, if it is not already included in it.
I totally disagree with the use of MOTHER TINCTURES and potencies BELOW 12c, whether they are single, or combinations.
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Some people accuse BOENNINGHAUSSEN has ignored mentals, generals as well as ‘behavior, temperament or personality’ aspects while defining TOTALITY in terms of ‘causations, locations, sensations, modalities and concomitants’.
This accusation arises from incorrect understanding of boenninghaussen’s approach. CAUSATION may be physical or mental. LOCATION includes generals and particulars. SENSATIONS comprises of all SUBJECTIVE symptoms, including general or particular sensations as well as mentals. MODALITIES also include mental and general aspects of aggravations and ameliorations. CONCOMITANTS may be general, mental, physical, or particular.
Boenninghaussen’s method no way disregards or ignores ‘behavior, temperament or personality’, but explains and classifies them with a different approach, more systematic, specific and scientific.
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CONCOMITANT symptoms are very important in deciding a similimum, since they will be always very peculiar to the PATIENT. Never ignore concomitants if they are peculiar. In most cases, concomitants will lead us to a right remedy or group of probable remedies. During case taking, we should be very careful for not to miss these valuable indicators of SIMILIMUM.
CONCOMITANTS mean potentially independent symptoms that appear as ADDITIONAL symptoms, along with or accompanying with a BASIC symptom. ALTERNATING SYMPTOMS as well as EXTENSIONS also may be considered as concomitants, as they also are ADDITIONAL symptoms appearing DURING, ALONG WITH or RELATED WITH the main BASIC symptoms.
Concomitants are most helpful indicators for individualizing the patient by identifying the exact molecular errors working behind a particular symptom group, and for identifying the exact molecular imprints required to remove those molecular errors.
Concomitants are always explained by the patients as well as in repertories using terms such as ‘accompanied with’ ‘along with’, ‘during’, ‘alternating’, ‘extending to’, or ‘concomitant with’ itself.
For example, VOMITING during HEADACHE- here vomiting is a concomitant of headache. If it is HEADACHE during VOMITING, headache is the concomitant of vomiting. NAUSEA during headache, YAWNING during headache, BACKACHE along with piles, DIARRHOEA with COLIC, ABDOMINAL pain extending to back, ASTHMA with URTICARIA, ASTHMA alternating with URTICARIA, CORYZA during EATING, CHEST PAIN extending to FINGERS, HEADACHE with SLEEPINESS- we can cite thousands of examples for CONCOMITANTS from our repertories. Study them with special care, to be a successful prescriber.
MODALITIES are different from CONCOMITANTS. Modalities are not additional symptoms like concomitants. They are only factors such as CONDITIONS or TIME that ameliorate or aggravate certain symptoms. In some cases, CONCOMITANT symptoms may also MODIFY the basic symptoms by aggravating or ameliorating it. Such MODIFYING CONCOMITANTS are far more helpful in selecting a similimum even more than pure concomitants or modalities.
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I have always felt that boenninghaussen ignored or did not give due consideration to the PRESENTATION or APPEARANCE aspects of symptoms, such as general and particular physical appearance, type of discharges, type of eruptions, lesions, skin changes, hair, gestures, gaits, facial expressions etc etc.
That is why I include a new category PRESENTATIONS along with CAUSATION, SENSATION, LOCATION, MODALITIES and CONCOMITANTS schema of boenninghaussen.
By this way, I think I have updated boenninghaussen’s schema into more perfection.
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A homeopathic software is only a tool- it works only as a digital extension of its user’s brain that enhances the speed, productivity and quality of his performance and output during clinical work. Do not expect a software to act as a substitute for a poor or lazy brain.
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Knowledge of factors that CAUSED a disease may lead us to a particular group of probable remedies.
Peculiar PRESENTATION or appearance of of complaints may suggest a group of remedies.
Peculiar LOCATIONS of lesions, pains or ailments may indicate a group of remedies.
Abnormal characteristic SENSATIONS will propose certain groups of remedies.
Time and conditions of AGGRAVATIONS and AMELIORATIONS will indicate various groups of remedies.
Symptoms that appear CONCOMITANTLY or ALTERNATINGLY will also strongly suggest some groups of remedies.
Once you collect all these separate groups of remedies suggested by all these available different INDICATORS, it will be easy to identify a drug that appears as a COMMON FACTOR in all or most of these groups.
It will be the SIMILIMUM of the particular patient.
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What ever ‘method’ or which ever ‘guru’ you follow, if your prescriptions contain the ‘molecular imprints’ required to remove the molecular inhibitions existing in the patient, he will be cured. Credit goes to homeopathy- not to your ‘methods’ and ‘gurus’. And remember, ‘symptoms’ and ‘knowledge of molecular pathology’ are our most reliable guides that lead us to correct ‘molecular imprints’
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We all know that the action of drugs applied on the tongue will not be limited to tongue or mouth only- it acts on whole body of the individual. If so, is it not foolish to imagine that the drugs applied on the skin will act ‘externally’, only upon the skin? Do you think skin is an impermeable barrier, and drugs applied on skin cannot enter into the body?
We should remember, even if we use drugs externally, they actually act internally.
That means, we should use only drugs selected as ‘similimum’ as external application- and that too, in appropriate potentized form. Applying tinctures externally, without considering ‘similimum’ principle, is not homeopathy- whatever else it be.
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Many friends ask me: “How could you evolve your concept of ‘molecular imprints’ as the active principles of potentized drugs and your MIT concepts of homeopathy on that basis? Why are you so much convinced regarding the correctness of your concepts?”
Actually, it was a slow evolutionary process panning through years of study, thinking, experimentation, interpretation and meditation. Here I am trying to enlist the important milestones of that evolutionary process.
Most important primary observation that initiated my logical thought process was that potentized drugs works therapeutically!
My second observation was that potentized drugs do not work therapeutically, if they are not ‘similimum’ to the given case.
Control solutions of ethyl alcohol and water in the same ratio of potentized drugs were proved to be having no therapeutic properties.
Then I observed through calculations based on Avogadro constant that there is no chance for any drug molecules to be present in a drug potentized above 12c.
Potentized drugs and unpotentized alcohol/ethyl alcohol mixture (controls)have similar chemical properties. This observation indicates that no chemical changes of any sorts happen to ethyl alcohol/water mixture due to the process of potentization.
Potentized drugs when heated, or subjected to strong electrical or magnetic fields lose their therapeutic properties. This observation indicates that some physical changes happens during potentization in the alchol/water mixture, that are liable to be cancelled by heat, magnetism and electricity.
Evaporation rates of potentized drugs and control solutions have been found to differ. That indicates change in hydrogen bond patterns and supra-molecular rearrangements.
Freezing point of potentized drugs and control solutions are different, which again indicates change in hydrogen bonding patterns and supra-molecular organization of medium during potentization.
Intensity of Brownian motions is less in potentized drugs when compared to control solutions. This observation shows that freedom of movements of molecules are comparatively restricted in potentized drugs, which indicates a supra-molecular clustering.
Solubility of salts in potentized drugs and control solutions are of different rates. This observation shows that the supra-molecular properties and hydrogen bonding patterns have changed during potentization, which also indicates some sort of supra-molecular clustering.
In spectroscopic studies, the rate of absorption, and refraction of light rays were found to be different in potentized drugs and control solutions. This showed that water/ethyl alcohol mixture have undergone some sort of supra-molecular clustering and re-organization during potentization.
Dielectric dispersions of potentized drugs were experimentally proved to be different from that of control solutions, which indicated a molecular re-arrangement of medium during the process of potentization.
In vitro and in vivo experiments proved that potentized drugs can antidote the biological effects of theirs crude forms. This convinced me that the potentized drugs contained some active principles that can act upon biological molecules in a way just opposite to the action of crude drug molecules.
Study of supra-molecular structure of water, hydrogen bonding, hydration shells, clathrate compounds and supra-molecular clusters convinced me that water can exhibit some polymer-like properties at supra-molecular level.
Study of molecular properties of ethyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol/water mixtures convinced me that the hydrogen bond strength of water can be enhanced by the presence of ethyl alcohol molecules in an appropriate proportion. Further, the heavy alcohol molecules can restrict the free movements of water molecules, there by helping in the stabilization of hydration shells.
Study of the technology of ‘molecular imprinted polymers’ done by polymer scientists convinced me of the use of ‘molecular imprints’ as artificial binding sites for biological target molecules.
Study of works done by Benveniste regarding ‘memory of water’ indicated some structural changes happening in water during successive dilution and succession. Benveniste failed to comprehend the real mechanism involved in the phenomenon of ‘water memory’ he observed.
Some Russian scientists have earlier observed a phenomenon they called ‘shape memory property of water’, which they could not explain scientifically, since they also did not understand the real process of ‘molecular imprinting’ involved in it.
Study of the phenomenon known as ‘hormesis’, which remains still unexplained scientifically, also led me to relate it with some sort of ‘supra-molecular’ re-arrangements happening in water in ultra dilutions.
Observation that potentized drugs act upon organism in a way exactly opposite to the original drugs indicated a process of generating three-dimensional nanocavities that can act as binding sites for drug molecules and similar pathogenic molecules, which can happen only though ‘molecular imprinting’.
Then I took up a serious re-study of biochemistry and molecular biology. Study of ‘key-lock mechanism’ involved in the dynamics of enzyme inhibitions, ‘ligand-receptor’ interactions and ‘antibody-antigen’ interactions were found to be fitting well to the concept of ‘molecular imprints’ in potentized drugs.
Through these studies, it became clear to me that ‘similia similibus curentur’ could be explained in the light of available scientific knowledge regarding the molecular level processes of pathology and therapeutics, and homeopathy is actually a higher specialized form of modern molecular medicine.
All these observations, study, updating, logical co-relating of various phenomena , and above all constant meditation led me to the conviction that ‘molecular imprinting’ is the actual process involved in potentization, and ‘molecular imprints’ are the real active principles of potentized homeopathic drugs.
It was a great revelation to me. Now I am fully convinced that I am on right path.
When I tried to explain homeopathic therapeutic principle of ‘similia similibus curentur’ on the basis of this ‘molecular imprints’ concept, everything was found to fit well to the modern scientific understanding of disease and therapeutics.
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I am of the opinion that government should consider the possibility of permitting ‘qualified’ homeopaths to switch over to allopathy by providing a bridging course, on the strict condition that they will no more be permitted to use the title ‘homeopath’, or prescribe any homeopathic medicine after such a conversion. Nobody should be permitted to pretend as a homeopath, and prescribe allopathy medicines. Transformation should be complete. Such a step will clean up homeopathy profession, by way of purging out all ‘allopathy-minded’ and ‘half-boiled’ homeopaths from its ranks. Let them get lost, if they are not homeopaths by their heart.
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Essence of ‘scientific approach’ is constant rejuvenation and advancement of existing knowledge, ideas and theories. I want this ‘scientific approach’ to be incorporated into the vision of every homeopath. That is the only way of making homeopathy scientific.
Originally, homeopathy evolved through this approach. Hahnemann was most ‘scientific’ and ‘rational’ in his approach. He rationally questioned existing medical ‘system’ through his scientific approach. He did not accept any ‘dogma’, ‘principle’ or ‘belief’ that couldnot withstand rational experimentation, logical thinking, and verification with the available scientific knowledge. Actually, homeopathy is the result of his ‘scientific’ rebellion against existing ‘medical system’.
Hahnemann was ready to revise everything according to new experience and updated knowledge. The fact that he re-wrote organon six times during his life-span clearly shows that he was ‘dialectical’ in his approach. For him, homeopathy was a constantly advancing ‘science’- a medical science. Not a ‘closed system’. He was willing to accommodate the experiences and suggestions of his contemporaries also.
After the death of hahnemann, initially homeopathy continued to be an open system, receptive to new ideas. That is why the thoughts of hering, kent, nash, boenninghaussen and many other stalwarts were incorporated into homeopathy, and became part of homeopathy.
After the first generation of homeopaths also disappeared from the scene, homeopathy began to be more and more institutionalized and ‘dogmatized’. It lost the character of science, and became more or less a closed ‘system’. For the last 200 years, homeopathy hesitated to interact with modern scientific knowledge- abstained from creative ‘dialogue’ with other areas of human knowledge. Homeopaths started call this ‘closed’ system as ‘classical homeopathy’. ‘Purity’ was the key word. Safeguarding the purity of ‘original’ dogmas were considered to be the sacred duty of homeopathy. Ultimately, this approach grew into an ‘anti-scientific’ outlook, constantly resisting all innovations and scientific intrusions into the ‘sacred lands’ of ‘pure homeopathy’
I am trying to instill ‘scientific approach’ into homeopathy once again. For that to happen, homeopathy has to bridge the great knowledge divide of 200+years and reach abreast with modern scientific human knowledge.
We have to explain each and every ‘principles’ and ‘laws’ of homeopathy in terms of modern science. We have to experiment every claims of homeopathy in accordance with scientific method. We have to be brave enough to accept new knowledge into homeopathy, same time discarding everything obsolete and unscientific in homeopathy. That is the duty of all true followers of hahnemann.
By using the term ‘Dialectical Homeopathy’, I want to instill this scientific sense and approach into homeopathic community. We have to declare our willingness to change, growth and advancement towards more and more perfection. We have to declare that homeopathy is ‘science’, not a ‘system of immutable dogmas’.
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When somebody is trying to teach you some ‘principles’, ‘laws’, ‘theories’ or ‘methods’ about homeopathy, be it in a class room or a seminar hall, dare to stand up and ask your teacher to answer the following questions:
1. What is the process actually happening during potentization, by which the medicinal properties of drug substances are transferred to the potentizing medium?
2. What are the ‘active principles’ of homeopathic drugs potentized above 12C or avogadro limit?
3. What is the molecular level ‘biological mechanism’ by which these ‘active’ principles’ interact with the human body and produce a curative effect?
If your teacher ignores your questions and hesitates to respond in a positive way, he proves himself to be an undependable teacher. He is not a person worthy to be called a ‘teacher of of homeopathy’ in this modern era of scientific enlightenment.
In the absence of rational and scientific answers for the above fundamental questions, all those ‘principles’, ‘laws’, ‘theories’ or ‘methods’ your teacher talks about will remain baseless, unreliable and ’empty speculations’.
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Our ‘modern masters’ and ‘gurus’ of homeopathy pretend to appear themselves ‘scientific’, by merely sprinkling some scientific and ultra-scientific terms such as ‘genetic’, ‘quantum’, ‘embryonic’, ‘particles’, ‘vibrations’ ‘resonance’, ‘energy field’, ‘teleportation’, ‘radiations’, ‘frequency’, ‘string’ and the like here and there in their articles, seminars and lectures.
The moment anybody ask some hard questions, they would defend themselves by talking profusely about the ‘unscientificness’ and ‘limitations’ of modern science! They will theorize about “our science” and “their science”!
They would explain homeopathy “scientifically” in terms of ‘vital force’, ‘dynamic energy’, ‘mind remedy’, ‘spiritual remedies’, ‘hair transmissions’, ‘photo-transmissions’, ‘radionics’, and such other absurd superstitious and esoteric practices. They use the terms ‘science’ and ‘energy’ in meanings entirely different from what we learn in our science lessons.
These people make homeopathy a subject of unending laughter and mockery before the scientific community.
These people are not interested in real scientific understanding of homeopathy. All of them are marketing their own ‘theories’ and ‘methods’, and have built up a closed community of ardent followers around them. They fear any new wave of scientific understanding in homeopathy would sweep away their sand hills of fame and fortunes.That is why they are desperately fighting tooth and nail to resist any attempts of real scientific awareness in homeopathy.
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‘Molecular imprints’ can prevent ‘off-target’ actions of biological ligands if there is conformational affinity between those ligands and the ‘molecular imprints’ we use. But ‘molecular imprints’ cannot interfere in the normal interactions between biological molecules and their natural ligands.
For example, we commonly use ‘thyroidinum’ or potentized thyroid extract as a homeopathic drug. Thyroidinum potentized above 12C will contain only molecular imprints of various chemical molecules being part of the thyroid extract used for potentization. Potentized thyroid extract never interferes in the natural biological actions of thyroid hormones, even though the ‘molecular imprints’ contained in it can rectify the pathological conditions caused by ‘off-target’ bindings of thyroid hormones, especially in situations of hyperthyroidism.
This phenomenon is applicable to all potentized hormone remedies. They never interfere in normal biological actions of those hormones. Reason behind this phenomenon is related with the dynamics of bio-molecular interactions. Interactions between biological molecules and their natural ligands involve two factors: CONFORMATIONAL affinity as well as CHARGE affinity. But interactions of ‘molecular imprints’ and their ‘ligands’ involves ‘CONFORMATIONAL affinity’ only, without any charge affinity. As such, ‘molecular imprints’ cannot compete with natural ligands in binding to the biological targets.
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Lack of knowledge in modern science seems to be a ‘blessing in disguise’ for many homeopaths. They can claim anything- about ‘miracle’ cures. They can claim, they will cure “all” cancers, thalassemia, cushing’s syndrome, and any other disease caused by chromosome abnormalities, by their ‘miasmatic approach’- by reading only organon!
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As per law, CCH and CCRH are the highest ‘official authorities’ in matters related with homeopathy in India. Most homeopaths consider their opinions as the ‘last words’ in all academic or theoretical disputes in homeopathy.
Did CCRH ever say their opinions regarding what exactly happens during potentization? Did they ever say their opinions regarding what are the active principles of potentized drugs? Did they ever say their opinions about the biological mechanism by which homeopathic drugs act? Did they ever try to explain ‘similia similibus curentur’ in a way fitting to modern scientific knowledge system?
CCH has an ‘academic council’ under it, authorized to prepare syllabus and curriculum for all the homeopathic colleges in India. Do you know, that high-profile committee is chaired by a ‘prominent academician’ who is also the head of an institution which conducts ‘post graduate’ courses in ‘homeopathic hair transmission’ and himself propagates that nonsense through ‘seminars’ and ‘books’? What message our CCH is giving to homeopathic community by accommodating such a person at the top of their team? How can we expect a ‘science-oriented’ syllabus and curriculum from such a body of ‘experts’?
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A young homeopath asked me:
“You are saying that potentised medicine do not produce any pathogenic molecular errors. Then how the symptoms appear during proving……?”
MY ANSWER: “How the symptoms appear during ‘dream proving’ done by our ‘modern’ provers? How the symptoms appear during ‘meditation proving’ and ‘trituration proving’, by which a lot of ‘new’ remedies are ‘invented’? How diseases are ‘cured’ by ‘hair transmission’? How diseases are ‘cured’ by ‘faith healers’? How people ‘cure’ using ‘remedies’ made with their mysterious ‘pre-programmed’ ‘radionics’ machines’? How people ‘cure’ with ‘photo transmission’ and ‘mp3 remedies’?
Answer is obvious. “High potency provings” also belong to this class.
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I think, terms CHRONIC and ACUTE do not denote any special character of a disease, but they imply physician’s subjective APPROACH towards a case he is dealing with. A physician can approach and deal with any case with a CHRONIC or ACUTE approach.
Any ACUTE condition has a CHRONIC constitutional background. Any CHRONIC disease has an acute presentation of sufferings.
When physician tries to resolve only the most troublesome and immediate PARTICULAR complaints of a case, disregarding its CONSTITUTIONAL aspects, it is an ACUTE approach.
When he tries to resolve the same case with full regard to its CONSTITUTIONAL as well as PARTICULAR aspects, it is a CHRONIC approach. Way of case taking, collection of symptoms, heirachy of symptoms, weightage of symptoms, way of selecting drugs, dosage, mode of administration- every thing changes depending up on whether physician approaches the case as CHRONIC or ACUTE.
If you decide to you target only the most distressing PARTICULAR COMPLAINTS that represent some ABNORMAL conditions, you can work out a case by ACUTE approach. In this approach, you have to collect all the most prominent ABNORMAL BASIC SYMPTOMS you want to relieve, along with their accessories such as LOCATION, SENSATIONS, CAUSATIONS, PRESENTATION, MODALITIES, CONCOMITANTS etc. Add each BASIC symptom with its characteristic ACCESSORIES, to make a COMPLETE HOMEOPATHIC SYMPTOM, and find a similimum for it. If you get more than one COMPLETE SYMPTOM, you may get different similimum for each. Prescribe them.
If you decide to work out the case for a TOTAL CURE by CHRONIC approach, over and above the above mentioned BASIC SYMPTOMS and their ACCESSORY symptoms, collect all ABNORMAL symptoms related with the WHOLE PERSON, such as Physical generals, Mentals, Miasms, Family History, Chronology of complaints, Vaccinations, Previous diseases, Miasms, Allergies, Food habits, Addictions, Thermals, Dreams, Facial expressions, Gestures, Emotional background, Occupation, Working environment, Family relations, Personal relationships, Living environment- everything have to be collected if you are going to work out a case by CHRONIC approach. Repertorize by any of the conventional repertorization methods and find appropriate similimum.
When working with CHRONIC approach, I prefer to arrange symptoms into different SYMPTOM GROUPS such as PHYSICAL GENERALS, MENTALS, and different categories of PARTICULARS. Then I would find similimum for each group separately. If all groups cover same similimum, I would prescribe it. If different symptom groups indicate different similimum, I go for MULTIPLE drug prescriptions to ensure a TOTAL CURE of the PATIENT.
In ACUTE approach, ‘previous history’ is more or less ignored. Diseases are dealt with a similimum selected on on CAUSATION- LOCATION- PRESENTATION- SENSATIONS- MODALITIES- CONCOMITANTS.
In CHRONIC approach, ‘previous history’ of disease evolution is very important. If an acute complaint has a long PREVIOUS HISTORY, CHRONIC approach will be more suitable. To deal with CHRONIC approach, we will have to consider PHYSICAL GENERALS, MENTALS and HISTORY over and above CAUSATION- LOCATION-PRESENTATION- SENSATIONS- MODALITIES- CONCOMITANTS while making prescriptions. HISTORY includes genetics, previous infections, family history, vaccinations, emotional history, occupational history, environmental history etc etc.
MIASMS or ‘persistent off target actions of antibodies generated against infectious agents and alien proteins’ are the MAJOR factor to be considered in CHRONIC approach. Auto-immune diseases, prion diseases, proteinopathies or deformed protein diseases, vaccination diseases, immune-related diseases, ontological diseases – all these diseases belonging to this class of MIASMATIC diseases warrants a CHRONIC approach.
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WIKIPEDIA SAYS: “EPIGENETICS is the study of functionally relevant modifications to the genome that do not involve a change in the nucleotide sequence. Examples of such modifications are DNA methylation and histone modification, both of which serve to regulate gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence. Gene expression can be controlled through the action of repressor proteins that attach to silencer regions of the DNA. These changes may remain through cell divisions for the remainder of the cell’s life and may also last for multiple generations.
However, there is no change in the underlying DNA sequence of the organism; instead, non-genetic factors cause the organism’s genes to behave (or “express themselves”) differently. There are objections to the use of the term epigenetic to describe chemical modification of histone, since it remains unclear whether or not histone modifications are heritable.
One example of epigenetic changes in eukaryotic biology is the process of cellular differentiation. During morphogenesis, totipotent stem cells become the various pluripotent cell lines of the embryo, which in turn become fully differentiated cells. In other words, a single fertilized egg cell – the zygote – changes into the many cell types including neurons, muscle cells, epithelium, endothelium of blood vessels, etc. as it continues to divide. It does so by activating some genes while inhibiting others.
Similar to GENETIC CODE, an EPIGENTIC CODE is hypothesised to exist in every individual cell consisting of the specific epigenetic modification in that particular cell. It consists of histone modifications defined by the histone code and additional epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation. The base for the epigenetic code is a system above the genetic code of a ‘single cell’.
Very important to note: While in one individual the genetic code in EVERY cell is the same, the epigenetic code is tissue and CELL SPECIFIC.
The epigenetic code can be multidimensional in nature. It could include any of the three major cellular macromolecucles; namely, DNA (code independent), RNA, and/or protein.
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With my present state of knowledge, I cannot say how to differentially diagnose epigenetic cancers and genetic cancers. Genetic mapping may be a way. I can only say, if there is family history of cancers, it may be genetic, and if cancer comes without any family history, it will be epigenetic. Since we select drugs by ‘similarity of symptoms’, such a diagnosis does not make much difference in prescribing. If cancer is epigenetic, it will be cured by homeopathic treatment. If it is genetic, homeopathy will not cure.
This explains why some cancers are cured by homeopathic treatment, where as some others are not.
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DISEASES originating from EPIGENETIC influences up on GENETIC EXPRESSION do not include in GENETIC DISEASES, and can be effectively treated by potentized homeopathic drugs. EPIGENETIC DISEASES are caused by various ENDOGENOUS or EXOGENOUS pathogenic molecules binding to and inhibiting the METHYL TRANSFERASE ENZYMES involved in DNA METHYLATION and HISTONE MODIFICATION. Molecular imprints of drug molecules that can bind to these pathogenic molecules can remove such pathological inhibitions and reactivate the enzymes
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Epigenetics is the study of changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype, caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence. They are seen to be inherited.
EPIGENETICS refers to functionally relevant modifications to the genome that do not involve a change in the nucleotide sequence. Examples of such modifications are DNA methylation and histone modification, both of which serve to regulate gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence. Gene expression can be controlled through the action of repressor proteins that attach to silencer regions of the DNA. These changes may remain through cell divisions for the remainder of the cell’s life and may also last for multiple generations. However, there is no change in the underlying DNA sequence of the organism; instead, non-genetic factors cause the organism’s genes to behave or “express themselves” differently.
Epigenetics involves the study of CHANGES in GENETIC SUBSTANCE happening without any change in DNA sequence. These changes are caused through DNA METHYLATION and HISTONE MODIFICATION. They are normal processes that facilitates GENETIC EXPRESSION. Some endogenous factors can influence the METHYL TRANSFERASE enzymes involved in this process, there by producing ABNORMAL methylation of certain particular genes resulting in their silencing or over activation. These ABNORMAL epigenetic changes play a role in cancers, and many psychological problems. NEUROCHEMICALS generated as part of emotional processes also can affect the ENZYMES involved in methylation of DNA and cause errors in genetic expressions. That is the way EMOTIONS cause various disease conditions.When epigenetic changes happen in SPERMS or OVUM, such changes will be inherited to the next generation.
EPIGENETIC processes play a big role in DISEASES that are not GENETIC, but related with errors in GENETIC EXPRESSION. Epigenetics can explain why persons of similar genetic inheritance behave differently, or get diseases differently. EPIGENETICS will help us in understanding the BIOCHEMISTRY of PSYCHOSOMATIC DISEASES, and also how the EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCES happened in parents affect the offsprings
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GENETIC DISEASES originating from aberrations in inherited GENETIC SUBSTANCE or CHROMOSOMES belong to a separate class of diseases, which cannot be treated with homeopathic drugs. Homeopathic drugs cannot ‘produce’ missing genes any way.
Diseases originating from errors in GENETIC EXPRESSIONS are different from genetic diseases. Errors in genetic expressions are caused by ERRORS IN ENZYME SYSTEMS associated with the biochemical processes involved in protein synthesis using genetic codes. These errors may be either MIASMATIC or NON-MIASMATIC in origin. We can cure such diseases if dealt with CHRONIC approach effectively.
GENETIC DISEASE does not mean FROM BIRTH. ‘From birth’ is CONGENITAL DISEASE. Genetic diseases are diseases due to errors in inherited genetic substance or chromosomes.
All congenital diseases need not be genetic. All genetic diseases need not appear as congenital. Genetic diseases are inherited. But all inherited diseases are not genetic. There is epigenetic inheritance also.
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I would prefer to classify ‘drugs’ into ‘molecular’ and ‘molecular imprints’, rather than labeling them as ‘allopathic’, ayurvedic’, herbal, unani, chinese or ‘homeopathic’. All ‘molecular drugs’ act by same biological mechanism based on their ‘chemical’ properties, irrespective of the ‘system’ label you assign to them. ‘Molecular imprints’ act by an entirely different biological mechanism based on their ‘conformational’ properties. Molecular drugs inevitably produce bad effects in the organism, whereas molecular imprints cannot do any harm. It is on this aspect that homeopathy stands on a different level very much higher than all other ‘medical systems’.
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Whether a DRUG is ‘homeopathic’ or ‘allopathic’ is not decided by who made it or who ‘prescribed’ it, but by the ACTIVE PRINCIPLES they contain, and the BIOLOGICAL MECHANISM by which they act.
Active principles of crude drugs and potencies below 12c (avogadro limit) are DRUG MOLECULES, which act upon biological molecules by their chemical properties. They act by a biological mechanism exactly same as any other allopathic drug, even if it is ‘prescribed’ by a hommeopath.
Active principles of drugs potentized above 12c are MOLECULAR IMPRINTS, which act as artificial binding sites for pathogenic molecules and remove the pathological molecular inhibitions they produced. They act by a ‘homeopathic’ biological mechanism exactly reverse to their crude forms, irrespective of whether it is prescribed by homeopath, allopath or a lay man.
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Let us hope scientists will soon realize the implications of homeopathic potentization as a process of preparing ‘molecular imprinted nano cavities’ in water-alcohol supra-molecular matrix, which could be used as ‘ligand traps’ that can act as conformation-specific artificial binding sites for pathogenic molecules.
Such a realization would enable them to develop a whole new range of safe and target-specific medicinal agents that could be incorporated into the therapeutic arsenal of modern molecular medicine.
Once it happens, modern medical science and pharmaceutical industry will undergo revolutionary changes.
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A curative process could be considered ‘homeopathic’, only if the ‘active principles’ of therapeutic agent interact with pathogenic molecules by a ‘homeopathic’ relationship.
In such a relationship, the molecular conformation of ‘active principles’ of ‘remedies’ will be exactly complementary to the conformation of pathogenic molecules, so that they can bind each other by a ‘key-lock’ mechanism wherein the pathogenic molecules act as ‘keys’ and the active factors of therapeutic agents as ‘key-holes’ of the ‘locks’.
Such a ‘homeopathic’ relationship happens only when the ‘active principles’ of therapeutic agents are ‘hydrosomes’ or ‘molecular imprinted nanocavities’ that can act as ‘ligand traps’ or ‘artificial binding sites’ for the pathogenic molecules.
That means, the therapeutic agents should be made by ‘molecular imprinting’ or ‘potentization’ of pathogenic molecules themselves, or any drug molecules having conformations ‘similar’ to the pathogenic molecules.
This is the molecular basis of ‘similia similibus curentur’ explained in scientific terms.
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DISEASE SYMPTOMS and DRUG SYMPTOMS appear to be SIMILAR when the PATHOGENIC MOLECULES and DRUG MOLECULES have functional groups or moieties of ‘similar’ conformations, so that they can bind to SIMILAR biological molecules and produce SIMILAR molecular inhibitions which are expressed through SIMILAR symptoms.
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Active principles of drugs potentized above avogadro limit (above 12c) are ‘Molecular Imprints’. Molecular Imprints are ‘nano cavities’ formed in water-ethyl alcohol supra-molecular matrix by a process of molecular imprinting, which involves a ‘host-guest’ model interaction between individual drug molecules and the potentizing medium.
These ‘nanocavities’ will have molecular conformations exactly COMPLEMENTARY to the drug molecules used for imprinting, as well as to the pathogenic molecules having conformations similar to the drug molecules, amounting to a ‘key-lock’ relationship between them.
These ‘molecular imprinted’ NANO CAVITIES can selectively bind to the specific pathogenic molecules by COMPLEMENTARY relationship by acting as LIGAND TRAPS or ARTIFICIAL BINDING SITES, and deactivate them. This process of deactivating pathogenic molecules leads to the removal of MOLECULAR INHIBITIONS they have produced in the biological molecules.
This is the scientific model of biological mechanism of homeopathic cure proposed by MIT.
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If you are not using drugs in ‘molecular imprints’ forms (means potentized above avogadro limit or 12c), it is not homeopathy whatever ‘theories’ and ‘laws’ you talk about. Only molecular imprints can act by a bio-molecular mechanism that is truly ‘homeopathic’. When you use ‘molecular forms’ of drugs (mother tinctures and potencies below avogadro limit or 12c), they act by a bio-molecular mechanism exactly same as allopathy or ayurveda. It is the ‘active principles’ of therapeutic agents you use and the way they act in the body that determines whether you are doing homeopathy or allopathy- not your theories, laws, labels or degrees.
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Once you start talking about potentized drugs and homeopathy in terms of ‘molecular imprinted nano cavities’ they contain, you can rationally and convincingly explain the ‘biological mechanism’ of therapeutics involved in ‘Similia Similibus Curentur using modern scientific paradigms even to a member of modern medical profession who so far considered homeopathy a ‘fake’ or ‘placebo’. Only thing is, you should have some working knowledge about the bio-molecular interactions underlying the vital processes underlying life, disease and cure as revealed by modern biochemistry and molecular biology.
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Once you could perceive potentized drugs in terms of MOLECULAR IMPRINTS or supra-molecular NANO CAVITIES that can act as ‘artificial binding sites’ for pathogenic molecules having complimentary conformation, you will see that you can answer any hard questions about homeopathy rationally and scientifically. You will see how much rationally you can explain the biological mechanism of ‘similia similibus curentur’ in a way exactly fitting to the paradigms of modern science. You will see no questions remain unanswered, or no riddles unresolved in homeopathy. You will see, homeopathy becomes a full-fledged MEDICAL SCIENCE.
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THEORY as well as PRACTICE of homeopathy is actually very simple, if taught scientifically and perceived rationally. People with vested interests make it appear complex and difficult, so that beginners and students get confused and throng into their ‘seminar’ halls to ‘learn’ and pay for the wonderful ‘methods’ they market!
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Totality of ‘abnormal’ PHYSICAL GENERALS and MENTAL symptoms will decide the CONSTITUTIONAL SIMILIMUM of an individual, where as the totality of ‘abnormal’ PARTICULAR symptoms qualified by their ‘accessories’ such as ‘causations, presentations, sensations, locations, modalities and concomitants’ will decide his PARTICULAR SIMILIMUM. A ‘combined’ prescription of ‘constitutional’ similimum and ‘particular’ similimum will provide TOTAL CURE for the patient.
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‘Constitutions’, ‘constitutional symptoms’ and ‘constitutional drugs’ are concepts which play a very important role in homeopathic theory and practice. Concepts such as ‘genetic constitution’ and ‘miasmatic constitution’ are frequently heard in homeopathic discussions. There have been a lot of attempts to explain constitution in terms of ‘miasms’, genetics, embryology and many other concepts.
I am trying to evolve a scientifically viable understanding of our concept of ‘constitution’. I think it would be more logical and scientific if we understand ‘constitution’ in terms of ‘phenotypes’ of individuals. To understand and explain ‘constitutions’ in scientific terms, we have to understand the concepts of ‘genotypes’ and ‘phenotypes’ in modern genetics.
According to modern genetics, the ‘genotype’ is the ‘genetic substance or ‘DNA’ inherited by the organism from its previous generation. It is called the ‘genetic blue print’.
The ‘genotype’ contained the organism gives rise to individual ‘phenotypes through ‘gene expressions’. The ‘genetic code’ stored in DNA is interpreted by ‘gene expression’, and the properties of these expressions five rise to the ‘phenotype’ of the organism.
A ‘phenotype’ is the observable characteristics or traits of an organism, such as morphology, development, biological and physiological properties, behavior, and products of behavior. ‘Phenotype’ is the result of ‘gene expressions’, which is decided by the interaction between genetic blue print and environmental factors.
‘Genotype’ of an organism is the inherited instructions it carries within its genetic code. Organisms with same ‘genotype’ do not appear or act the same way, because its ‘phenotype’ is decided by the interaction with environmental and developmental conditions. Similarly, not all organisms that look alike necessarily have the same genotype.
This understanding of ‘genotype-phenotype distinction’, proposed by Wilhelm Johannsen in 1911 to make clear the difference between an organism’s heredity and what that heredity produces, is very important in providing a scientific explanation for the homeopathic concept of ‘constitutions’.
Despite its seemingly straightforward definition, the concept of the phenotype has some hidden subtleties. Some would argue that anything dependent on the genotype is a phenotype, including molecules such as RNA and proteins. Most of the molecules and structures coded by the genetic material are not visible in the appearance of an organism, yet they are observable and are thus part of the phenotype. Human blood groups are an example. Others would say that this goes beyond the original intentions of the concept with its focus on the (living) organism in itself, meaning that the lowest level of biological organization compatible with the phenotype concept is at the cellular level. Either way, the term phenotype includes traits or characteristics that can be made visible by some technical procedure. Another extension adds behavior to the phenotype since behaviors are also observable characteristics. Indeed there is research into the clinical relevance of behavioral phenotypes as they pertain to a range of syndromes.
Phenotypic variation (due to underlying heritable genetic variation) is a fundamental prerequisite for evolution by natural selection. It is the living organism as a whole that contributes (or not) to the next generation, so natural selection affects the genetic structure of a population indirectly via the contribution of phenotypes. Without phenotypic variation, there would be no evolution by natural selection.
The relationship between ‘genotype’ and ‘phenotype’ has often been conceptualized by the following relationship: “genotype (G) + environment (E) + genotype & environment interactions (GE) → phenotype (P)”
‘Genotypes’ often have much flexibility in the modification and expression of phenotypes; in many organisms these phenotypes are very different under varying environmental conditions. The concept of phenotype can be extended to variations below the level of the gene that affect an organism’s fitness. For example, silent mutations that do not change the corresponding amino acid sequence of a gene may change the frequency of guanine-cytosine base pairs (GC content). These base pairs have a higher thermal stability than adenine-thymine, a property that might convey, among organisms living in high-temperature environments, a selective advantage on variants enriched in GC content.
A phenotype is the ensemble of observable characteristics displayed by an organism. The idea of the phenotype expresses all the effects a gene has on the outside world that may influence its chances of being replicated. These can be effects on the organism in which the gene resides, the environment, or other organisms.
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) or Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes, the product is a functional RNA. The process of gene expression is used by all known life to generate the macromolecular machinery for life.
Several steps in the gene expression process may be modulated, including the transcription, RNA splicing, translation, and post-translational modification of a protein. Gene regulation gives the cell control over structure and function, and is the basis for cellular differentiation, morphogenesis and the versatility and adaptability of any organism. Gene regulation may also serve as a substrate for evolutionary change, since control of the timing, location, and amount of gene expression can have a profound effect on the functions (actions) of the gene in a cell or in a multicellular organism.
Factors, such as such as miasmatic, environmental, nutritional, occupational, infectious, emotional, ontogenic, metabolic and xenobiotic influence the process of ‘gene regulation’ at various stages of ‘gene expression’, through which the particular ‘phenotype’ or ‘constitution’ of the individual organism is determined. As such, ‘constitution’ of an individual is the ‘phenotype’ determined by the ‘protein constitution’ developing through ‘genetic expression’’. Constitution’ is expressed in the form of totality of general physical symptoms, morphology, mental symptoms and behavioral peculiarities.
Constitution of a person is decided by the ‘genotype-phenotype’ interactions taking place. Genotype is the ‘genetic substance’ obtained from parents. Phenotype is produced by the ‘expression’ of these genotype. Many factors influence the ‘genetic expression’. They include nutritional factors, environmental factors, infectious fatcors, miasmatic factors or antibodies, metabolic factors, emotional factors, drug factors and many such things.
What we call ‘constitution’ is actually the ‘phenotype’ produced by the expression of genotype, influenced by all these diverse factors. Symptoms representing this phenotype is what we call ‘constitutional symptoms’. Drugs selected as similimum on the basis of ‘constitutional symptoms’ can modify the ‘phenotype’ of the individual, but it cannot modify genotype. While talking about ‘consitutional similimum’, we should be aware of these scientific facts.
’Genetic expression’ is the chains of biochemical processes by which diverse types of protein molecules are manufactured utilizing the genetic blue print inherited from previous generation. As such, the ‘phenotype’ or ‘constitution’ of an individual is actually the ‘protein constitution’ evolving through genetic expression. What we call ‘constitutional symptoms’ are exactly those symptoms that represent this overall ‘protein chemistry’. Phenotype or protein constitution can be influenced by potentized drugs selected on the basis of ‘constitutional symptoms’, but ‘genotype’ cannot be changed by that. While considering the concept of ‘constitutional treatment’, we should be aware of these scientific facts.
Let us sum up as follows:
CONSTITUTION has a GENOTYPE aspect as well as a PHENOTYPE aspect.
You cannot change the GENETIC aspects of CONSTITUTION which is inherited.
But, various CHEMICAL MOLECULES of endogenous or exogenous origin, such as foods, drugs, environment, infections, deformed proteins, metabolites, hormones etc can INHIBIT the actions of enzymes involved in GENETIC EXPRESSION and EPIGENETICS, and produce pathological changes in PHENOTYPE aspect of CONSTITUTION.
MOLECULAR IMPRINTS contained in potentized drugs can specifically bind to and deactivate the exogenous or endogenous molecules that have inhibited the enzyme systems, thereby reactivating the process of normal genetic expression.
Since MOLECULAR IMPRINTS cannot interfere in the interactions between enzymes and their natural ligands, potentized drugs never interfere in normal genetic expression, or produce any change in GENETICALLY determined basic constitution of an individual.
Potentized drugs can only rectify the changes happened in the CONSTITUTION produced by the actions of pathogenic agents upon genetic expression.
I hope this explanation would help in resolving confusions regarding the scope and limitations of homeopathic drugs on CONSTITUTION
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What we call CONSTITUTION of a person is actually his PHENOTYPE features, which are determined by his GENETIC SUBSTANCE through the process of GENETIC EXPRESSIONS.
Our genetic substance constitutes DNA molecules which act as as GENETIC CODES carrying the specific information for protein synthesis, which are INHERITED from the parents as CHROMOSOMES, and will normally remain unchanged.
Genetic expression involves the complex biochemical processes of synthesizing of protein molecules from the amino acids, using GENES as templates.
INDIVIDUALITY of a person is the sum total of biochemical constitution representing the PHENOTYPE, which are ultimately decided by GENETIC EXPRESSION.
GENETIC EXPRESSION can be influenced and modulated by various endogenous and exogenous factors that can affect the ENZYME systems involved in transcription and translation of genetic information encoded in the genes into proteins, and the post-translational modifications of protein molecules. Environment, foods, drugs, chemicals, occupation, emotional factors, infections, hormones, and all such factors that can cause INHIBITIONS in enzyme molecules can indirectly influence genetic expression, phenotype and hence, his CONSTITUTION.
INDIVIDUALITY or CONSTITUTION of a person is expressed as, and could be observed through, his general PHYSICAL and MENTAL symptoms, including moods, dispositions, temperaments, modalities, thermal responses, desires and aversions, sensations etc etc.
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Many friends have complained me that they are not getting notifications about my new posts, and hence they have missed many important ones. As I am explaining MIT concepts through a series of small posts, and most of the new posts are continuations of ideas already explained in earlier ones, it will be difficult to follow them if you miss in between. That creates a lot of problems for me also, as people ask questions about topics I have already explained in detail, and I am forced to repeat again and again to satisfy them.
If you are interested in MIT, and if you want to get notified whenever I make new posts, kindly go to my wall, open ‘friends’ tab, and tick ‘get notifications’ and ‘close friends’. By do ing so, you can ensure that you are notified whenever I post something on my wall or discussion group. Those who want to stop notifications from me may use the same tool to deactivate my notifications.
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Knowledge of the molecular dynamics involved in the interactions between ‘ligands and biological targets’, ‘signalling molecules and receptors’, ‘substrates and enzymes’, ‘antigens and antibodies’ etc is essential for understanding the scientific explanation of ‘similia similibus curentur’ proposed by MIT.
Without this fundamental knowledge, you cannot understand what is meant by ‘bio-molecular inhibitions’ and ‘molecular pathology’. You cannot understand the biological mechanism by which pathogenic agents produce diseases. You cannot understand the biological mechanism involved in ‘drug diseases’ and ‘drug proving’. You cannot understand the biological mechanism involved in homeopathic cure.
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Primary basis of any state of pathology is some derangement occurring in the biochemical processes at the molecular level.
Endogenous or exogenous foreign molecules or ions having any conformational similarity to certain essential biochemical ligands can mimic as original ones and attach themselves on the regulatory or the active sites of proteins, effecting changes in their native 3-D configuration, thereby preventing their normal interactions with natural ligands.
This situation is called a molecular inhibition, which leads to pathological molecular errors.This phenomenon could be figuratively compared with the blocking of a ‘key hole’ by a fake key having conformational similarity to original key. As a result of this inhibition, natural ligands are prevented from interacting with the appropriate protein molecules, leading to a break in the normal biochemical channels.
It is in this way that many types of bacterial-viral toxins, drugs, pesticides , poisons and other pathogenic agents interfere in the biochemical processes, creating pathological situations.
Homeopathy removes these pathological molecular inhibitions by using MOLECULAR IMPRINTS, which act as ‘artificial binding sites’ for pathogenic molecules.
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Scientific explanation of homeopathy, similar to any rational science of medicine, should be primarily based on the understanding of LIFE as a ‘material’ phenomenon. In the absence of this essential scientific perspective, you are prone to slip into all sorts of nonsense ‘theories’ and ‘methods’ that are promoted by people having vested interests.
Living world represents a higher level of organization of same elemental factors existing in the non-living world- an advanced stage of material evolution that happened through millions of years.
‘Living organism’ is a highly complex and self-regulated material system that exists through ‘vital processes’ or metabolic processes, consisting of systematic chains of inter-dependent biochemical pathways of complex molecular interactions, enabling an unhindered flow and conversion of matter and energy between organism and its environment that ensures the existence of life. LIFE is a very complex and highly evolved MATERIAL system consisting of CHEMICAL MOLECULES and their interactions.
Phenomena of MIND and ‘mental faculties’ are the ‘functional’ products of complex biochemical molecular processes happening in the central nervous system, which is an integral part of ‘body’, and as such, mind has no existence free from the material body.
If you cannot understand this basic scientific perspective of ‘life’, ‘vital processes’ and ‘mind’, you cannot follow the scientific model of biological mechanism of homeopathic cure proposed by MIT.
In the absence of these essential basic scientific knowledge, you will go on talking about ‘energy medicine’, vital force, dynamic drug energy, spiritual healing, vibrations, resonance, distance healing and such diverse unscientific and pseudo-scientific things, and continue to make homeopathy and homeopathic community a subject of unending mockery and ridicule before the scientific community.
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Without a baseline knowledge of modern biochemistry, especially the ‘key-lock’ molecular mechanism involved in interactions between biological molecules and their ligands , as well as the complex kinetics of enzyme chemistry, you cannot follow the scientific explanation of ‘similia similibus curentur’ proposed by MIT.
Without a scientific perspective of molecular level composition of drug substances, and the molecular mechanism by which the drug substances interact with biological molecules to produce pathological inhibitions and symptoms, you cannot follow the scientific explanations of drug proving proposed by MIT.
Without getting yourselves introduced to the latest information regarding supra-molecular properties of water and ethyl alcohol, hydrogen bonding, hydration shells, supra-molecular nano-structures, guest-host complexes, molecular imprinting in polymers and related subjects, you cannot follow the scientific explanations of potentization in terms of ‘molecular imprinting’ proposed by MIT.
My humble request is, kindly update yourself with latest available scientific knowledge and try to understand what I am really trying to explain, before hurrying to ‘oppose’ MIT.
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Nobody can produce a “spiritual” cure in a person, without transmitting some ore other MATERIAL SIGNALS into his organism from the exterior. Some sort of “healing” may happen by the procedures adapted by ‘spiritual healers’, but actually there is nothing ‘spiritual’ or ‘non-material’ in it. They act by the MATERIAL actions of visual, audio or tactile SIGNALS upon the biochemical processes in the body, especially central nervous system. AUDIO, VISUAL and TACTILE signals are PHYSICAL forces, which can produce bio-molecular changes.
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These people are gravely alienating homeopathy from mainstream scientific knowledge system. They will argue “homeopathy have not to be forced to be a scientific medicine”, “it is science that is behind”, and “science is an old paradigm”, and a lot of ‘ultrascientific’ jargons.
Along with homeopathic practice, these people are actually doing spiritual healing, psychic healing, Therapeutic touch, Healing Touch, Esoteric healing, Magnetic healing, Qigong healing, Reiki, Pranic healing, Crystal healing, distant healing, intercessionary prayer, Acupuncture, biofield energy healing,spiritual healing, contact healing, distant healing and various other occult practices. They prefer to call themselves as CAM practitioners. That is why they want to include homeopathy in the category of ‘energy medicine’, and try to explain homeopathy in that terms.
These people propagate hair transmission, telephone transmission, photo transmission, mp3 file transmission, telepathy, radionics, radiesthesia, reflexology, dowsing, spiritual healing and all such superstitious things in the name of homeopathy.They have great influence and dominance in international homeopathy.
Actually, ‘energy medicine’, energy therapy or energy healing is a branch of so-called complementary and alternative medicine basically distinct from homeopathy. It is based on the belief that a healer is able to channel healing energy into the person seeking help by different methods: hands-on, hands-off, and distant (or absent) where the patient and healer are in different locations.
There are various schools of energy healing. It is known as bio-field energy healing,spiritual healing, contact healing, distant healing, therapeutic touch, Reiki or Qigong.
Spiritual healing is largely non-denominational, and traditional religious faith is not seen as a prerequisite for effecting a cure. Faith healing, by contrast, takes place within a religious context.
Homeopathy is essentially a form of ‘drug therapy’, where ‘drug’ is ‘molecular imprints’ of drug molecules. It has nothing to do with ‘energy medicine’. Homeopathy should be understood, explained and practiced as a scientific medicine. Homeopathy is Molecular Imprints Therapeutics.
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We cannot hope to advance homeopathy as a scientific medical practice unless we could explain ‘potentization’ and ‘similia similibus curentur’ in a way fitting to modern scientific paradigms, and prove them according to scientific methods. If you are genuinely interested in this mission, you cannot move forward without settling accounts with pseudo-scientific and superstitious ‘energy medicine concepts’ that have engulfed homeopathy.
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